"""Define the Problem class and a FakeComm class for non-MPI users."""
import sys
import pprint
import os
import logging
import weakref
import time
from collections import defaultdict, namedtuple, OrderedDict
from fnmatch import fnmatchcase
from itertools import product
from io import StringIO
import numpy as np
import scipy.sparse as sparse
from openmdao.core.component import Component
from openmdao.core.driver import Driver, record_iteration
from openmdao.core.explicitcomponent import ExplicitComponent
from openmdao.core.group import Group, System
from openmdao.core.total_jac import _TotalJacInfo
from openmdao.core.constants import _DEFAULT_OUT_STREAM, _UNDEFINED
from openmdao.approximation_schemes.complex_step import ComplexStep
from openmdao.approximation_schemes.finite_difference import FiniteDifference
from openmdao.solvers.solver import SolverInfo
from openmdao.error_checking.check_config import _default_checks, _all_checks
from openmdao.recorders.recording_iteration_stack import _RecIteration
from openmdao.recorders.recording_manager import RecordingManager, record_viewer_data, \
record_model_options
from openmdao.utils.record_util import create_local_meta
from openmdao.utils.general_utils import ContainsAll, pad_name, simple_warning, warn_deprecation, \
_is_slicer_op, _slice_indices
from openmdao.utils.mpi import FakeComm
from openmdao.utils.mpi import MPI
from openmdao.utils.name_maps import name2abs_names
from openmdao.utils.options_dictionary import OptionsDictionary
from openmdao.utils.units import simplify_unit
from openmdao.core.constants import _SetupStatus
from openmdao.utils.name_maps import abs_key2rel_key
from openmdao.vectors.vector import _full_slice
from openmdao.vectors.default_vector import DefaultVector
from openmdao.utils.logger_utils import get_logger, TestLogger
import openmdao.utils.coloring as coloring_mod
from openmdao.utils.hooks import _setup_hooks
try:
from openmdao.vectors.petsc_vector import PETScVector
except ImportError:
PETScVector = None
from openmdao.utils.name_maps import rel_key2abs_key, rel_name2abs_name
ErrorTuple = namedtuple('ErrorTuple', ['forward', 'reverse', 'forward_reverse'])
MagnitudeTuple = namedtuple('MagnitudeTuple', ['forward', 'reverse', 'fd'])
_contains_all = ContainsAll()
CITATION = """@article{openmdao_2019,
Author={Justin S. Gray and John T. Hwang and Joaquim R. R. A.
Martins and Kenneth T. Moore and Bret A. Naylor},
Title="{OpenMDAO: An Open-Source Framework for Multidisciplinary
Design, Analysis, and Optimization}",
Journal="{Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization}",
Year={2019},
Publisher={Springer},
pdf={http://openmdao.org/pubs/openmdao_overview_2019.pdf},
note= {In Press}
}"""
[docs]class Problem(object):
"""
Top-level container for the systems and drivers.
Attributes
----------
model : <System>
Pointer to the top-level <System> object (root node in the tree).
comm : MPI.Comm or <FakeComm>
The global communicator.
driver : <Driver>
Slot for the driver. The default driver is `Driver`, which just runs
the model once.
_mode : 'fwd' or 'rev'
Derivatives calculation mode, 'fwd' for forward, and 'rev' for
reverse (adjoint).
_orig_mode : 'fwd', 'rev', or 'auto'
Derivatives calculation mode assigned by the user. If set to 'auto', _mode will be
automatically assigned to 'fwd' or 'rev' based on relative sizes of design variables vs.
responses.
_initial_condition_cache : dict
Any initial conditions that are set at the problem level via setitem are cached here
until they can be processed.
cite : str
Listing of relevant citations that should be referenced when
publishing work that uses this class.
options : <OptionsDictionary>
Dictionary with general options for the problem.
recording_options : <OptionsDictionary>
Dictionary with problem recording options.
_rec_mgr : <RecordingManager>
Object that manages all recorders added to this problem.
_check : bool
If True, call check_config at the end of final_setup.
_filtered_vars_to_record : dict
Dictionary of lists of design vars, constraints, etc. to record.
_logger : object or None
Object for logging config checks if _check is True.
_name : str
Problem name.
_system_options_recorded : bool
A flag to indicate whether the system options for all the systems have been recorded
_metadata : dict
Problem level metadata.
_run_counter : int
The number of times run_driver or run_model has been called.
"""
[docs] def __init__(self, model=None, driver=None, comm=None, name=None, **options):
"""
Initialize attributes.
Parameters
----------
model : <System> or None
The top-level <System>. If not specified, an empty <Group> will be created.
driver : <Driver> or None
The driver for the problem. If not specified, a simple "Run Once" driver will be used.
comm : MPI.Comm or <FakeComm> or None
The global communicator.
name : str
Problem name. Can be used to specify a Problem instance when multiple Problems
exist.
**options : named args
All remaining named args are converted to options.
"""
self.cite = CITATION
self._name = name
if comm is None:
try:
from mpi4py import MPI
comm = MPI.COMM_WORLD
except ImportError:
comm = FakeComm()
if model is None:
self.model = Group()
elif isinstance(model, System):
self.model = model
else:
raise TypeError(self.msginfo +
": The value provided for 'model' is not a valid System.")
if driver is None:
self.driver = Driver()
elif isinstance(driver, Driver):
self.driver = driver
else:
raise TypeError(self.msginfo +
": The value provided for 'driver' is not a valid Driver.")
self.comm = comm
self._mode = None # mode is assigned in setup()
self._initial_condition_cache = {}
self._metadata = None
self._run_counter = -1
self._system_options_recorded = False
self._rec_mgr = RecordingManager()
# General options
self.options = OptionsDictionary(parent_name=type(self).__name__)
self.options.declare('coloring_dir', types=str,
default=os.path.join(os.getcwd(), 'coloring_files'),
desc='Directory containing coloring files (if any) for this Problem.')
self.options.update(options)
# Case recording options
self.recording_options = OptionsDictionary(parent_name=type(self).__name__)
self.recording_options.declare('record_desvars', types=bool, default=True,
desc='Set to True to record design variables at the '
'problem level')
self.recording_options.declare('record_objectives', types=bool, default=True,
desc='Set to True to record objectives at the problem level')
self.recording_options.declare('record_constraints', types=bool, default=True,
desc='Set to True to record constraints at the '
'problem level')
self.recording_options.declare('record_responses', types=bool, default=False,
desc='Set True to record constraints and objectives at the '
'problem level.')
self.recording_options.declare('record_inputs', types=bool, default=False,
desc='Set True to record inputs at the '
'problem level.')
self.recording_options.declare('record_outputs', types=bool, default=True,
desc='Set True to record outputs at the '
'problem level.')
self.recording_options.declare('record_residuals', types=bool, default=False,
desc='Set True to record residuals at the '
'problem level.')
self.recording_options.declare('record_derivatives', types=bool, default=False,
desc='Set to True to record derivatives for the problem '
'level')
self.recording_options.declare('record_abs_error', types=bool, default=True,
desc='Set to True to record absolute error of '
'model nonlinear solver')
self.recording_options.declare('record_rel_error', types=bool, default=True,
desc='Set to True to record relative error of model \
nonlinear solver')
self.recording_options.declare('includes', types=list, default=['*'],
desc='Patterns for variables to include in recording. \
Uses fnmatch wildcards')
self.recording_options.declare('excludes', types=list, default=[],
desc='Patterns for vars to exclude in recording '
'(processed post-includes). Uses fnmatch wildcards')
_setup_hooks(self)
def _get_var_abs_name(self, name):
if name in self.model._var_allprocs_abs2meta:
return name
elif name in self.model._var_allprocs_prom2abs_list['output']:
return self.model._var_allprocs_prom2abs_list['output'][name][0]
elif name in self.model._var_allprocs_prom2abs_list['input']:
abs_names = self.model._var_allprocs_prom2abs_list['input'][name]
if len(abs_names) == 1:
return abs_names[0]
else:
raise KeyError("{}: Using promoted name `{}' is ambiguous and matches unconnected "
"inputs %s. Use absolute name to disambiguate.".format(self.msginfo,
name,
abs_names))
raise KeyError('{}: Variable "{}" not found.'.format(self.msginfo, name))
@property
def msginfo(self):
"""
Return info to prepend to messages.
Returns
-------
str
Info to prepend to messages.
"""
if self._name is None:
return type(self).__name__
return '{} {}'.format(type(self).__name__, self._name)
def _get_inst_id(self):
return self._name
[docs] def is_local(self, name):
"""
Return True if the named variable or system is local to the current process.
Parameters
----------
name : str
Name of a variable or system.
Returns
-------
bool
True if the named system or variable is local to this process.
"""
if self._metadata is None:
raise RuntimeError("{}: is_local('{}') was called before setup() "
"completed.".format(self.msginfo, name))
try:
abs_name = self._get_var_abs_name(name)
except KeyError:
sub = self.model._get_subsystem(name)
return sub is not None and sub._is_local
# variable exists, but may be remote
return abs_name in self.model._var_abs2meta['input'] or \
abs_name in self.model._var_abs2meta['output']
def _get_cached_val(self, name, get_remote=False):
# We have set and cached already
if name in self._initial_condition_cache:
return self._initial_condition_cache[name]
# Vector not setup, so we need to pull values from saved metadata request.
else:
proms = self.model._var_allprocs_prom2abs_list
meta = self.model._var_abs2meta
try:
conns = self.model._conn_abs_in2out
except AttributeError:
conns = {}
abs_names = name2abs_names(self.model, name)
if not abs_names:
raise KeyError('{}: Variable "{}" not found.'.format(self.model.msginfo, name))
abs_name = abs_names[0]
vars_to_gather = self._metadata['vars_to_gather']
io = 'output' if abs_name in meta['output'] else 'input'
if abs_name in meta[io]:
if abs_name in conns:
val = meta['output'][conns[abs_name]]['value']
else:
val = meta[io][abs_name]['value']
if get_remote and abs_name in vars_to_gather:
owner = vars_to_gather[abs_name]
if self.model.comm.rank == owner:
self.model.comm.bcast(val, root=owner)
else:
val = self.model.comm.bcast(None, root=owner)
if val is not _UNDEFINED:
# Need to cache the "get" in case the user calls in-place numpy operations.
self._initial_condition_cache[name] = val
return val
@property
def _recording_iter(self):
return self._metadata['recording_iter']
[docs] def __getitem__(self, name):
"""
Get an output/input variable.
Parameters
----------
name : str
Promoted or relative variable name in the root system's namespace.
Returns
-------
float or ndarray or any python object
the requested output/input variable.
"""
return self.get_val(name, get_remote=None)
[docs] def get_val(self, name, units=None, indices=None, get_remote=False):
"""
Get an output/input variable.
Function is used if you want to specify display units.
Parameters
----------
name : str
Promoted or relative variable name in the root system's namespace.
units : str, optional
Units to convert to before return.
indices : int or list of ints or tuple of ints or int ndarray or Iterable or None, optional
Indices or slice to return.
get_remote : bool or None
If True, retrieve the value even if it is on a remote process. Note that if the
variable is remote on ANY process, this function must be called on EVERY process
in the Problem's MPI communicator.
If False, only retrieve the value if it is on the current process, or only the part
of the value that's on the current process for a distributed variable.
If None and the variable is remote or distributed, a RuntimeError will be raised.
Returns
-------
object
The value of the requested output/input variable.
"""
if self._metadata['setup_status'] == _SetupStatus.POST_SETUP:
val = self._get_cached_val(name, get_remote=get_remote)
if val is not _UNDEFINED:
if indices is not None:
val = val[indices]
if units is not None:
val = self.model.convert2units(name, val, simplify_unit(units))
else:
val = self.model.get_val(name, units=units, indices=indices, get_remote=get_remote,
from_src=True)
if val is _UNDEFINED:
if get_remote:
raise KeyError('{}: Variable name "{}" not found.'.format(self.msginfo, name))
else:
raise RuntimeError(f"{self.model.msginfo}: Variable '{name}' is not local to "
f"rank {self.comm.rank}. You can retrieve values from "
"other processes using `get_val(<name>, get_remote=True)`.")
return val
[docs] def __setitem__(self, name, value):
"""
Set an output/input variable.
Parameters
----------
name : str
Promoted or relative variable name in the root system's namespace.
value : float or ndarray or any python object
value to set this variable to.
"""
self.set_val(name, value)
[docs] def set_val(self, name, value, units=None, indices=None):
"""
Set an output/input variable.
Function is used if you want to set a value using a different unit.
Parameters
----------
name : str
Promoted or relative variable name in the root system's namespace.
value : float or ndarray or list
Value to set this variable to.
units : str, optional
Units that value is defined in.
indices : int or list of ints or tuple of ints or int ndarray or Iterable or None, optional
Indices or slice to set to specified value.
"""
model = self.model
if self._metadata is not None:
conns = model._conn_global_abs_in2out
else:
raise RuntimeError(f"{self.msginfo}: '{name}' Cannot call set_val before setup.")
all_meta = model._var_allprocs_abs2meta
loc_meta = model._var_abs2meta
n_proms = 0 # if nonzero, name given was promoted input name w/o a matching prom output
try:
ginputs = model._group_inputs
except AttributeError:
ginputs = {} # could happen if top level system is not a Group
abs_names = name2abs_names(model, name)
if abs_names:
n_proms = len(abs_names) # for output this will never be > 1
if n_proms > 1 and name in ginputs:
abs_name = ginputs[name][0].get('use_tgt', abs_names[0])
else:
abs_name = abs_names[0]
else:
raise KeyError(f'{model.msginfo}: Variable "{name}" not found.')
if abs_name in conns:
src = conns[abs_name]
if abs_name not in model._var_allprocs_discrete['input']:
value = np.asarray(value)
tmeta = all_meta['input'][abs_name]
tunits = tmeta['units']
sunits = all_meta['output'][src]['units']
if abs_name in loc_meta['input']:
tlocmeta = loc_meta['input'][abs_name]
else:
tlocmeta = None
gunits = ginputs[name][0].get('units') if name in ginputs else None
if n_proms > 1: # promoted input name was used
if gunits is None:
tunit_list = [all_meta['input'][n]['units'] for n in abs_names]
tu0 = tunit_list[0]
for tu in tunit_list:
if tu != tu0:
model._show_ambiguity_msg(name, ('units',), abs_names)
if units is None:
# avoids double unit conversion
if self._metadata['setup_status'] > _SetupStatus.POST_SETUP:
ivalue = value
if sunits is not None:
if gunits is not None and gunits != tunits:
value = model.convert_from_units(src, value, gunits)
else:
value = model.convert_from_units(src, value, tunits)
else:
if gunits is None:
ivalue = model.convert_from_units(abs_name, value, units)
else:
ivalue = model.convert_units(name, value, units, gunits)
if self._metadata['setup_status'] == _SetupStatus.POST_SETUP:
value = ivalue
else:
value = model.convert_from_units(src, value, units)
else:
src = abs_name
if units is not None:
value = model.convert_from_units(abs_name, value, units)
# Caching only needed if vectors aren't allocated yet.
if self._metadata['setup_status'] == _SetupStatus.POST_SETUP:
if indices is not None:
self._get_cached_val(name)
try:
if _is_slicer_op(indices):
self._initial_condition_cache[name] = value[indices]
else:
self._initial_condition_cache[name][indices] = value
except IndexError:
self._initial_condition_cache[name][indices] = value
except Exception as err:
raise RuntimeError(f"Failed to set value of '{name}': {str(err)}.")
else:
self._initial_condition_cache[name] = value
else:
myrank = model.comm.rank
if indices is None:
indices = _full_slice
if model._outputs._contains_abs(abs_name):
model._outputs.set_var(abs_name, value, indices)
elif abs_name in conns: # input name given. Set value into output
if model._outputs._contains_abs(src): # src is local
if (model._outputs._abs_get_val(src).size == 0 and
src.rsplit('.', 1)[0] == '_auto_ivc' and
all_meta['output'][src]['distributed']):
pass # special case, auto_ivc dist var with 0 local size
elif tmeta['has_src_indices']:
if tlocmeta: # target is local
src_indices = tlocmeta['src_indices']
flat = False
if name in model._var_prom2inds:
sshape, inds, flat = model._var_prom2inds[name]
if inds is not None:
if _is_slicer_op(inds):
inds = _slice_indices(inds, np.prod(sshape), sshape).ravel()
value = value.ravel()
flat = True
src_indices = inds
if src_indices is None:
model._outputs.set_var(src, value, None, flat)
else:
if tmeta['distributed']:
ssizes = model._var_sizes['nonlinear']['output']
sidx = model._var_allprocs_abs2idx['nonlinear'][src]
ssize = ssizes[myrank, sidx]
start = np.sum(ssizes[:myrank, sidx])
end = start + ssize
if np.any(src_indices < start) or np.any(src_indices >= end):
raise RuntimeError(f"{model.msginfo}: Can't set {name}: "
"src_indices refer "
"to out-of-process array entries.")
if start > 0:
src_indices = src_indices - start
model._outputs.set_var(src, value, src_indices[indices], flat)
else:
raise RuntimeError(f"{model.msginfo}: Can't set {abs_name}: remote"
" connected inputs with src_indices currently not"
" supported.")
else:
value = np.asarray(value)
model._outputs.set_var(src, value, indices)
elif src in model._discrete_outputs:
model._discrete_outputs[src] = value
# also set the input
# TODO: maybe remove this if inputs are removed from case recording
if n_proms < 2:
if model._inputs._contains_abs(abs_name):
model._inputs.set_var(abs_name, ivalue, indices)
elif abs_name in model._discrete_inputs:
model._discrete_inputs[abs_name] = value
else:
# must be a remote var. so, just do nothing on this proc. We can't get here
# unless abs_name is found in connections, so the variable must exist.
if abs_name in model._var_allprocs_abs2meta:
print(f"Variable '{name}' is remote on rank {self.comm.rank}. "
"Local assignment ignored.")
elif abs_name in model._discrete_outputs:
model._discrete_outputs[abs_name] = value
elif model._inputs._contains_abs(abs_name): # could happen if model is a component
model._inputs.set_var(abs_name, value, indices)
elif abs_name in model._discrete_inputs: # could happen if model is a component
model._discrete_inputs[abs_name] = value
def _set_initial_conditions(self):
"""
Set all initial conditions that have been saved in cache after setup.
"""
for name, value in self._initial_condition_cache.items():
self.set_val(name, value)
# Clean up cache
self._initial_condition_cache = OrderedDict()
[docs] def run_model(self, case_prefix=None, reset_iter_counts=True):
"""
Run the model by calling the root system's solve_nonlinear.
Parameters
----------
case_prefix : str or None
Prefix to prepend to coordinates when recording.
reset_iter_counts : bool
If True and model has been run previously, reset all iteration counters.
"""
if self._mode is None:
raise RuntimeError(self.msginfo +
": The `setup` method must be called before `run_model`.")
if case_prefix:
if not isinstance(case_prefix, str):
raise TypeError(self.msginfo + ": The 'case_prefix' argument should be a string.")
self._recording_iter.prefix = case_prefix
else:
self._recording_iter.prefix = None
if self.model.iter_count > 0 and reset_iter_counts:
self.driver.iter_count = 0
self.model._reset_iter_counts()
self.final_setup()
self._run_counter += 1
record_model_options(self, self._run_counter)
self.model._clear_iprint()
self.model.run_solve_nonlinear()
[docs] def run_driver(self, case_prefix=None, reset_iter_counts=True):
"""
Run the driver on the model.
Parameters
----------
case_prefix : str or None
Prefix to prepend to coordinates when recording.
reset_iter_counts : bool
If True and model has been run previously, reset all iteration counters.
Returns
-------
boolean
Failure flag; True if failed to converge, False is successful.
"""
if self._mode is None:
raise RuntimeError(self.msginfo +
": The `setup` method must be called before `run_driver`.")
if case_prefix:
if not isinstance(case_prefix, str):
raise TypeError(self.msginfo + ": The 'case_prefix' argument should be a string.")
self._recording_iter.prefix = case_prefix
else:
self._recording_iter.prefix = None
if self.model.iter_count > 0 and reset_iter_counts:
self.driver.iter_count = 0
self.model._reset_iter_counts()
self.final_setup()
self._run_counter += 1
record_model_options(self, self._run_counter)
self.model._clear_iprint()
return self.driver.run()
[docs] def compute_jacvec_product(self, of, wrt, mode, seed):
"""
Given a seed and 'of' and 'wrt' variables, compute the total jacobian vector product.
Parameters
----------
of : list of str
Variables whose derivatives will be computed.
wrt : list of str
Derivatives will be computed with respect to these variables.
mode : str
Derivative direction ('fwd' or 'rev').
seed : dict or list
Either a dict keyed by 'wrt' varnames (fwd) or 'of' varnames (rev), containing
dresidual (fwd) or doutput (rev) values, OR a list of dresidual or doutput
values that matches the corresponding 'wrt' (fwd) or 'of' (rev) varname list.
Returns
-------
dict
The total jacobian vector product, keyed by variable name.
"""
if mode == 'fwd':
if len(wrt) != len(seed):
raise RuntimeError(self.msginfo +
": seed and 'wrt' list must be the same length in fwd mode.")
lnames, rnames = of, wrt
lkind, rkind = 'output', 'residual'
else: # rev
if len(of) != len(seed):
raise RuntimeError(self.msginfo +
": seed and 'of' list must be the same length in rev mode.")
lnames, rnames = wrt, of
lkind, rkind = 'residual', 'output'
rvec = self.model._vectors[rkind]['linear']
lvec = self.model._vectors[lkind]['linear']
rvec.set_val(0.)
conns = self.model._conn_global_abs_in2out
# set seed values into dresids (fwd) or doutputs (rev)
# seed may have keys that are inputs and must be converted into auto_ivcs
try:
seed[rnames[0]]
except (IndexError, TypeError):
for i, name in enumerate(rnames):
if name in conns:
rvec[conns[name]] = seed[i]
else:
rvec[name] = seed[i]
else:
for name in rnames:
if name in conns:
rvec[conns[name]] = seed[name]
else:
rvec[name] = seed[name]
# We apply a -1 here because the derivative of the output is minus the derivative of
# the residual in openmdao.
data = rvec.asarray()
data *= -1.
self.model.run_solve_linear(['linear'], mode)
if mode == 'fwd':
return {n: lvec[n].copy() for n in lnames}
else:
# may need to convert some lnames to auto_ivc names
return {n: lvec[conns[n] if n in conns else n].copy() for n in lnames}
def _setup_recording(self):
"""
Set up case recording.
"""
self._filtered_vars_to_record = self.driver._get_vars_to_record(self.recording_options)
self._rec_mgr.startup(self)
[docs] def add_recorder(self, recorder):
"""
Add a recorder to the problem.
Parameters
----------
recorder : CaseRecorder
A recorder instance.
"""
self._rec_mgr.append(recorder)
[docs] def cleanup(self):
"""
Clean up resources prior to exit.
"""
# shut down all recorders
self._rec_mgr.shutdown()
# clean up driver and model resources
self.driver.cleanup()
for system in self.model.system_iter(include_self=True, recurse=True):
system.cleanup()
[docs] def record(self, case_name):
"""
Record the variables at the Problem level.
Must be called after `final_setup` has been called. This can either
happen automatically through `run_driver` or `run_model`, or it can be
called manually.
Parameters
----------
case_name : str
Name used to identify this Problem case.
"""
if self._metadata['setup_status'] < _SetupStatus.POST_FINAL_SETUP:
raise RuntimeError(f"{self.msginfo}: Problem.record() cannot be called before "
"`Problem.run_model()`, `Problem.run_driver()`, or "
"`Problem.final_setup()`.")
else:
record_iteration(self, self, case_name)
[docs] def record_iteration(self, case_name):
"""
Record the variables at the Problem level.
Parameters
----------
case_name : str
Name used to identify this Problem case.
"""
warn_deprecation("'Problem.record_iteration' has been deprecated. "
"Use 'Problem.record' instead.")
record_iteration(self, self, case_name)
def _get_recorder_metadata(self, case_name):
"""
Return metadata from the latest iteration for use in the recorder.
Parameters
----------
case_name : str
Name of current case.
Returns
-------
dict
Metadata dictionary for the recorder.
"""
return create_local_meta(case_name)
[docs] def setup(self, check=False, logger=None, mode='auto', force_alloc_complex=False,
distributed_vector_class=PETScVector, local_vector_class=DefaultVector,
derivatives=True):
"""
Set up the model hierarchy.
When `setup` is called, the model hierarchy is assembled, the processors are allocated
(for MPI), and variables and connections are all assigned. This method traverses down
the model hierarchy to call `setup` on each subsystem, and then traverses up the model
hierarchy to call `configure` on each subsystem.
Parameters
----------
check : None, boolean, list of strings, or the string ‘all’
Determines what config checks, if any, are run after setup is complete.
If None or False, no checks are run
If True, the default checks ('out_of_order', 'system', 'solvers', 'dup_inputs',
'missing_recorders', 'comp_has_no_outputs', 'auto_ivc_warnings') are run
If list of str, run those config checks
If ‘all’, all the checks ('auto_ivc_warnings', 'comp_has_no_outputs', 'cycles',
'dup_inputs', 'missing_recorders', 'out_of_order', 'promotions', 'solvers',
'system', 'unconnected_inputs') are run
logger : object
Object for logging config checks if check is True.
mode : string
Derivatives calculation mode, 'fwd' for forward, and 'rev' for
reverse (adjoint). Default is 'auto', which will pick 'fwd' or 'rev' based on
the direction resulting in the smallest number of linear solves required to
compute derivatives.
force_alloc_complex : bool
Force allocation of imaginary part in nonlinear vectors. OpenMDAO can generally
detect when you need to do this, but in some cases (e.g., complex step is used
after a reconfiguration) you may need to set this to True.
distributed_vector_class : type
Reference to the <Vector> class or factory function used to instantiate vectors
and associated transfers involved in interprocess communication.
local_vector_class : type
Reference to the <Vector> class or factory function used to instantiate vectors
and associated transfers involved in intraprocess communication.
derivatives : bool
If True, perform any memory allocations necessary for derivative computation.
Returns
-------
self : <Problem>
this enables the user to instantiate and setup in one line.
"""
model = self.model
comm = self.comm
# PETScVector is required for MPI
if comm.size > 1:
if PETScVector is None:
raise ValueError(self.msginfo +
": Attempting to run in parallel under MPI but PETScVector "
"could not be imported.")
elif distributed_vector_class is not PETScVector:
raise ValueError("%s: The `distributed_vector_class` argument must be "
"`PETScVector` when running in parallel under MPI but '%s' was "
"specified." % (self.msginfo, distributed_vector_class.__name__))
if mode not in ['fwd', 'rev', 'auto']:
msg = "%s: Unsupported mode: '%s'. Use either 'fwd' or 'rev'." % (self.msginfo, mode)
raise ValueError(msg)
self._mode = self._orig_mode = mode
model_comm = self.driver._setup_comm(comm)
# this metadata will be shared by all Systems/Solvers in the system tree
self._metadata = {
'coloring_dir': self.options['coloring_dir'], # directory for coloring files
'recording_iter': _RecIteration(), # manager of recorder iterations
'local_vector_class': local_vector_class,
'distributed_vector_class': distributed_vector_class,
'solver_info': SolverInfo(),
'use_derivatives': derivatives,
'force_alloc_complex': force_alloc_complex,
'vars_to_gather': {}, # vars that are remote somewhere. does not include distrib vars
'prom2abs': {'input': {}, 'output': {}}, # includes ALL promotes including buried ones
'static_mode': False, # used to determine where various 'static'
# and 'dynamic' data structures are stored.
# Dynamic ones are added during System
# setup/configure. They are wiped out and re-created during
# each Problem setup. Static ones are added outside of
# Problem setup and they are never wiped out or re-created.
'config_info': None, # used during config to determine if additional updates required
'parallel_groups': [], # list of pathnames of parallel groups in this model (all procs)
'setup_status': _SetupStatus.PRE_SETUP,
'vec_names': None, # names of all nonlinear and linear vectors
'lin_vec_names': None, # names of linear vectors
'model_ref': weakref.ref(model), # ref to the model (needed to get out-of-scope
# src data for inputs)
}
model._setup(model_comm, mode, self._metadata)
# set static mode back to True in all systems in this Problem
self._metadata['static_mode'] = True
# Cache all args for final setup.
self._check = check
self._logger = logger
self._metadata['setup_status'] = _SetupStatus.POST_SETUP
return self
[docs] def final_setup(self):
"""
Perform final setup phase on problem in preparation for run.
This is the second phase of setup, and is done automatically at the start of `run_driver`
and `run_model`. At the beginning of final_setup, we have a model hierarchy with defined
variables, solvers, case_recorders, and derivative settings. During this phase, the vectors
are created and populated, the drivers and solvers are initialized, and the recorders are
started, and the rest of the framework is prepared for execution.
"""
driver = self.driver
response_size, desvar_size = driver._update_voi_meta(self.model)
# update mode if it's been set to 'auto'
if self._orig_mode == 'auto':
mode = 'rev' if response_size < desvar_size else 'fwd'
self._mode = mode
else:
mode = self._orig_mode
if self._metadata['setup_status'] < _SetupStatus.POST_FINAL_SETUP:
self.model._final_setup(self.comm)
driver._setup_driver(self)
info = driver._coloring_info
coloring = info['coloring']
if coloring is None and info['static'] is not None:
coloring = driver._get_static_coloring()
if coloring and coloring_mod._use_total_sparsity:
# if we're using simultaneous total derivatives then our effective size is less
# than the full size
if coloring._fwd and coloring._rev:
pass # we're doing both!
elif mode == 'fwd' and coloring._fwd:
desvar_size = coloring.total_solves()
elif mode == 'rev' and coloring._rev:
response_size = coloring.total_solves()
if ((mode == 'fwd' and desvar_size > response_size) or
(mode == 'rev' and response_size > desvar_size)):
simple_warning("Inefficient choice of derivative mode. You chose '%s' for a "
"problem with %d design variables and %d response variables "
"(objectives and nonlinear constraints)." %
(mode, desvar_size, response_size), RuntimeWarning)
if self._metadata['setup_status'] == _SetupStatus.PRE_SETUP and \
hasattr(self.model, '_order_set') and self.model._order_set:
raise RuntimeError("%s: Cannot call set_order without calling "
"setup after" % (self.msginfo))
# we only want to set up recording once, after problem setup
if self._metadata['setup_status'] == _SetupStatus.POST_SETUP:
driver._setup_recording()
self._setup_recording()
record_viewer_data(self)
if self._metadata['setup_status'] < _SetupStatus.POST_FINAL_SETUP:
self._metadata['setup_status'] = _SetupStatus.POST_FINAL_SETUP
self._set_initial_conditions()
if self._check:
if self._check is True:
checks = _default_checks
else:
checks = self._check
if self.comm.rank == 0:
logger = self._logger
else:
logger = TestLogger()
self.check_config(logger, checks=checks)
[docs] def check_partials(self, out_stream=_DEFAULT_OUT_STREAM, includes=None, excludes=None,
compact_print=False, abs_err_tol=1e-6, rel_err_tol=1e-6,
method='fd', step=None, form='forward', step_calc='abs',
force_dense=True, show_only_incorrect=False):
"""
Check partial derivatives comprehensively for all components in your model.
Parameters
----------
out_stream : file-like object
Where to send human readable output. By default it goes to stdout.
Set to None to suppress.
includes : None or list_like
List of glob patterns for pathnames to include in the check. Default is None, which
includes all components in the model.
excludes : None or list_like
List of glob patterns for pathnames to exclude from the check. Default is None, which
excludes nothing.
compact_print : bool
Set to True to just print the essentials, one line per input-output pair.
abs_err_tol : float
Threshold value for absolute error. Errors about this value will have a '*' displayed
next to them in output, making them easy to search for. Default is 1.0E-6.
rel_err_tol : float
Threshold value for relative error. Errors about this value will have a '*' displayed
next to them in output, making them easy to search for. Note at times there may be a
significant relative error due to a minor absolute error. Default is 1.0E-6.
method : str
Method, 'fd' for finite difference or 'cs' for complex step. Default is 'fd'.
step : float
Step size for approximation. Default is None, which means 1e-6 for 'fd' and 1e-40 for
'cs'.
form : string
Form for finite difference, can be 'forward', 'backward', or 'central'. Default
'forward'.
step_calc : string
Step type for finite difference, can be 'abs' for absolute', or 'rel' for relative.
Default is 'abs'.
force_dense : bool
If True, analytic derivatives will be coerced into arrays. Default is True.
show_only_incorrect : bool, optional
Set to True if output should print only the subjacs found to be incorrect.
Returns
-------
dict of dicts of dicts
First key:
is the component name;
Second key:
is the (output, input) tuple of strings;
Third key:
is one of ['rel error', 'abs error', 'magnitude', 'J_fd', 'J_fwd', 'J_rev'];
For 'rel error', 'abs error', 'magnitude' the value is: A tuple containing norms for
forward - fd, adjoint - fd, forward - adjoint.
For 'J_fd', 'J_fwd', 'J_rev' the value is: A numpy array representing the computed
Jacobian for the three different methods of computation.
"""
if self._metadata['setup_status'] < _SetupStatus.POST_FINAL_SETUP:
self.final_setup()
model = self.model
if not model._use_derivatives:
raise RuntimeError(self.msginfo +
": Can't check partials. Derivative support has been turned off.")
# TODO: Once we're tracking iteration counts, run the model if it has not been run before.
includes = [includes] if isinstance(includes, str) else includes
excludes = [excludes] if isinstance(excludes, str) else excludes
comps = []
for comp in model.system_iter(typ=Component, include_self=True):
if comp._no_check_partials:
continue
name = comp.pathname
# Process includes
if includes is not None:
for pattern in includes:
if fnmatchcase(name, pattern):
break
else:
continue
# Process excludes
if excludes is not None:
match = False
for pattern in excludes:
if fnmatchcase(name, pattern):
match = True
break
if match:
continue
comps.append(comp)
self.set_solver_print(level=0)
# This is a defaultdict of (defaultdict of dicts).
partials_data = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(dict))
# Caching current point to restore after setups.
input_cache = model._inputs.asarray(copy=True)
output_cache = model._outputs.asarray(copy=True)
# Keep track of derivative keys that are declared dependent so that we don't print them
# unless they are in error.
indep_key = {}
# Directional derivative directions for matrix free comps.
mfree_directions = {}
# Analytic Jacobians
print_reverse = False
for mode in ('fwd', 'rev'):
model._inputs.set_val(input_cache)
model._outputs.set_val(output_cache)
# Make sure we're in a valid state
model.run_apply_nonlinear()
jac_key = 'J_' + mode
for comp in comps:
# Only really need to linearize once.
if mode == 'fwd':
comp.run_linearize()
explicit = isinstance(comp, ExplicitComponent)
matrix_free = comp.matrix_free
c_name = comp.pathname
if mode == 'fwd':
indep_key[c_name] = set()
with comp._unscaled_context():
of_list, wrt_list = comp._get_partials_varlists()
# Matrix-free components need to calculate their Jacobian by matrix-vector
# product.
if matrix_free:
print_reverse = True
local_opts = comp._get_check_partial_options()
dstate = comp._vectors['output']['linear']
if mode == 'fwd':
dinputs = comp._vectors['input']['linear']
doutputs = comp._vectors['residual']['linear']
in_list = wrt_list
out_list = of_list
else:
dinputs = comp._vectors['residual']['linear']
doutputs = comp._vectors['input']['linear']
in_list = of_list
out_list = wrt_list
for inp in in_list:
inp_abs = rel_name2abs_name(comp, inp)
if mode == 'fwd':
directional = inp in local_opts and local_opts[inp]['directional']
else:
directional = c_name in mfree_directions
try:
flat_view = dinputs._abs_get_val(inp_abs)
except KeyError:
# Implicit state
flat_view = dstate._abs_get_val(inp_abs)
if directional:
n_in = 1
if c_name not in mfree_directions:
mfree_directions[c_name] = {}
if inp in mfree_directions[c_name]:
perturb = mfree_directions[c_name][inp]
else:
perturb = 2.0 * np.random.random(len(flat_view)) - 1.0
mfree_directions[c_name][inp] = perturb
else:
n_in = len(flat_view)
perturb = 1.0
for idx in range(n_in):
dinputs.set_val(0.0)
dstate.set_val(0.0)
# Dictionary access returns a scalar for 1d input, and we
# need a vector for clean code, so use _views_flat.
if directional:
flat_view[:] = perturb
else:
flat_view[idx] = perturb
# Matrix Vector Product
comp._apply_linear(None, ['linear'], _contains_all, mode)
for out in out_list:
out_abs = rel_name2abs_name(comp, out)
try:
derivs = doutputs._abs_get_val(out_abs)
except KeyError:
# Implicit state
derivs = dstate._abs_get_val(out_abs)
if mode == 'fwd':
key = out, inp
deriv = partials_data[c_name][key]
# Allocate first time
if jac_key not in deriv:
shape = (len(derivs), n_in)
deriv[jac_key] = np.zeros(shape)
deriv[jac_key][:, idx] = derivs
else:
key = inp, out
deriv = partials_data[c_name][key]
if directional:
# Dot product test for adjoint validity.
m = mfree_directions[c_name][out]
d = mfree_directions[c_name][inp]
mhat = derivs
dhat = partials_data[c_name][inp, out]['J_fwd'][:, idx]
deriv['directional_fwd_rev'] = mhat.dot(m) - dhat.dot(d)
# Allocate first time
if jac_key not in deriv:
shape = (n_in, len(derivs))
deriv[jac_key] = np.zeros(shape)
deriv[jac_key][idx, :] = derivs
# These components already have a Jacobian with calculated derivatives.
else:
if mode == 'rev':
# Skip reverse mode because it is not different than forward.
continue
subjacs = comp._jacobian._subjacs_info
for rel_key in product(of_list, wrt_list):
abs_key = rel_key2abs_key(comp, rel_key)
of, wrt = abs_key
# No need to calculate partials; they are already stored
try:
deriv_value = subjacs[abs_key]['value']
rows = subjacs[abs_key]['rows']
except KeyError:
deriv_value = rows = None
# Testing for pairs that are not dependent so that we suppress printing
# them unless the fd is non zero. Note: subjacs_info is empty for
# undeclared partials, which is the default behavior now.
try:
if not subjacs[abs_key]['dependent']:
indep_key[c_name].add(rel_key)
except KeyError:
indep_key[c_name].add(rel_key)
if wrt in comp._var_abs2meta['input']:
wrt_meta = comp._var_abs2meta['input'][wrt]
else:
wrt_meta = comp._var_abs2meta['output'][wrt]
if deriv_value is None:
# Missing derivatives are assumed 0.
in_size = wrt_meta['size']
out_size = comp._var_abs2meta['output'][of]['size']
deriv_value = np.zeros((out_size, in_size))
if force_dense:
if rows is not None:
try:
in_size = wrt_meta['size']
except KeyError:
in_size = wrt_meta['size']
out_size = comp._var_abs2meta['output'][of]['size']
tmp_value = np.zeros((out_size, in_size))
# if a scalar value is provided (in declare_partials),
# expand to the correct size array value for zipping
if deriv_value.size == 1:
deriv_value *= np.ones(rows.size)
for i, j, val in zip(rows, subjacs[abs_key]['cols'],
deriv_value):
tmp_value[i, j] += val
deriv_value = tmp_value
elif sparse.issparse(deriv_value):
deriv_value = deriv_value.todense()
partials_data[c_name][rel_key][jac_key] = deriv_value.copy()
model._inputs.set_val(input_cache)
model._outputs.set_val(output_cache)
model.run_apply_nonlinear()
# Finite Difference to calculate Jacobian
jac_key = 'J_fd'
alloc_complex = model._outputs._alloc_complex
all_fd_options = {}
comps_could_not_cs = set()
requested_method = method
for comp in comps:
c_name = comp.pathname
all_fd_options[c_name] = {}
approximations = {'fd': FiniteDifference(),
'cs': ComplexStep()}
of, wrt = comp._get_partials_varlists()
# Load up approximation objects with the requested settings.
local_opts = comp._get_check_partial_options()
for rel_key in product(of, wrt):
abs_key = rel_key2abs_key(comp, rel_key)
local_wrt = rel_key[1]
# Determine if fd or cs.
method = requested_method
if local_wrt in local_opts:
local_method = local_opts[local_wrt]['method']
if local_method:
method = local_method
# We can't use CS if we haven't allocated a complex vector, so we fall back on fd.
if method == 'cs' and not alloc_complex:
comps_could_not_cs.add(c_name)
method = 'fd'
fd_options = {'order': None,
'method': method}
if method == 'cs':
defaults = ComplexStep.DEFAULT_OPTIONS
fd_options['form'] = None
fd_options['step_calc'] = None
elif method == 'fd':
defaults = FiniteDifference.DEFAULT_OPTIONS
fd_options['form'] = form
fd_options['step_calc'] = step_calc
if step and requested_method == method:
fd_options['step'] = step
else:
fd_options['step'] = defaults['step']
# Precedence: component options > global options > defaults
if local_wrt in local_opts:
for name in ['form', 'step', 'step_calc', 'directional']:
value = local_opts[local_wrt][name]
if value is not None:
fd_options[name] = value
all_fd_options[c_name][local_wrt] = fd_options
if c_name in mfree_directions:
vector = mfree_directions[c_name].get(local_wrt)
else:
vector = None
approximations[fd_options['method']].add_approximation(abs_key, self.model,
fd_options, vector=vector)
approx_jac = {}
for approximation in approximations.values():
# Perform the FD here.
approximation.compute_approximations(comp, jac=approx_jac)
for abs_key, partial in approx_jac.items():
rel_key = abs_key2rel_key(comp, abs_key)
partials_data[c_name][rel_key][jac_key] = partial
# If this is a directional derivative, convert the analytic to a directional one.
wrt = rel_key[1]
if wrt in local_opts and local_opts[wrt]['directional']:
deriv = partials_data[c_name][rel_key]
deriv['J_fwd'] = np.atleast_2d(np.sum(deriv['J_fwd'], axis=1)).T
if comp.matrix_free:
deriv['J_rev'] = np.atleast_2d(np.sum(deriv['J_rev'], axis=0)).T
# Dot product test for adjoint validity.
m = mfree_directions[c_name][rel_key[0]].flatten()
d = mfree_directions[c_name][wrt].flatten()
mhat = partial.flatten()
dhat = deriv['J_rev'].flatten()
deriv['directional_fd_rev'] = dhat.dot(d) - mhat.dot(m)
# Conversion of defaultdict to dicts
partials_data = {comp_name: dict(outer) for comp_name, outer in partials_data.items()}
if out_stream == _DEFAULT_OUT_STREAM:
out_stream = sys.stdout
if len(comps_could_not_cs) > 0:
msg = "The following components requested complex step, but force_alloc_complex " + \
"has not been set to True, so finite difference was used: "
msg += str(list(comps_could_not_cs))
msg += "\nTo enable complex step, specify 'force_alloc_complex=True' when calling " + \
"setup on the problem, e.g. 'problem.setup(force_alloc_complex=True)'"
simple_warning(msg)
_assemble_derivative_data(partials_data, rel_err_tol, abs_err_tol, out_stream,
compact_print, comps, all_fd_options, indep_key=indep_key,
print_reverse=print_reverse,
show_only_incorrect=show_only_incorrect)
return partials_data
[docs] def check_totals(self, of=None, wrt=None, out_stream=_DEFAULT_OUT_STREAM, compact_print=False,
driver_scaling=False, abs_err_tol=1e-6, rel_err_tol=1e-6,
method='fd', step=None, form=None, step_calc='abs', show_progress=False):
"""
Check total derivatives for the model vs. finite difference.
Parameters
----------
of : list of variable name strings or None
Variables whose derivatives will be computed. Default is None, which
uses the driver's objectives and constraints.
wrt : list of variable name strings or None
Variables with respect to which the derivatives will be computed.
Default is None, which uses the driver's desvars.
out_stream : file-like object
Where to send human readable output. By default it goes to stdout.
Set to None to suppress.
compact_print : bool
Set to True to just print the essentials, one line per input-output pair.
driver_scaling : bool
When True, return derivatives that are scaled according to either the adder and scaler
or the ref and ref0 values that were specified when add_design_var, add_objective, and
add_constraint were called on the model. Default is False, which is unscaled.
abs_err_tol : float
Threshold value for absolute error. Errors about this value will have a '*' displayed
next to them in output, making them easy to search for. Default is 1.0E-6.
rel_err_tol : float
Threshold value for relative error. Errors about this value will have a '*' displayed
next to them in output, making them easy to search for. Note at times there may be a
significant relative error due to a minor absolute error. Default is 1.0E-6.
method : str
Method, 'fd' for finite difference or 'cs' for complex step. Default is 'fd'
step : float
Step size for approximation. Default is None, which means 1e-6 for 'fd' and 1e-40 for
'cs'.
form : string
Form for finite difference, can be 'forward', 'backward', or 'central'. Default
None, which defaults to 'forward' for FD.
step_calc : string
Step type for finite difference, can be 'abs' for absolute', or 'rel' for relative.
Default is 'abs'.
show_progress : bool
True to show progress of check_totals
Returns
-------
Dict of Dicts of Tuples of Floats
First key:
is the (output, input) tuple of strings;
Second key:
is one of ['rel error', 'abs error', 'magnitude', 'fdstep'];
For 'rel error', 'abs error', 'magnitude' the value is: A tuple containing norms for
forward - fd, adjoint - fd, forward - adjoint.
"""
if out_stream == _DEFAULT_OUT_STREAM:
out_stream = sys.stdout
if self._metadata['setup_status'] < _SetupStatus.POST_FINAL_SETUP:
raise RuntimeError(self.msginfo + ": run_model must be called before total "
"derivatives can be checked.")
model = self.model
lcons = []
if method == 'cs' and not model._outputs._alloc_complex:
msg = "\n" + self.msginfo + ": To enable complex step, specify "\
"'force_alloc_complex=True' when calling " + \
"setup on the problem, e.g. 'problem.setup(force_alloc_complex=True)'"
raise RuntimeError(msg)
# TODO: Once we're tracking iteration counts, run the model if it has not been run before.
if wrt is None:
wrt = list(self.driver._designvars)
if not wrt:
raise RuntimeError("Driver is not providing any design variables "
"for compute_totals.")
if of is None:
of = list(self.driver._objs)
of.extend(self.driver._cons)
if not of:
raise RuntimeError("Driver is not providing any response variables "
"for compute_totals.")
lcons = [n for n, meta in self.driver._cons.items()
if ('linear' in meta and meta['linear'])]
# Calculate Total Derivatives
if model._owns_approx_jac:
# Support this, even though it is a bit silly (though you could compare fd with cs.)
total_info = _TotalJacInfo(self, of, wrt, False, return_format='flat_dict',
approx=True, driver_scaling=driver_scaling)
Jcalc = total_info.compute_totals_approx(initialize=True)
else:
total_info = _TotalJacInfo(self, of, wrt, False, return_format='flat_dict',
driver_scaling=driver_scaling)
Jcalc = total_info.compute_totals()
if step is None:
if method == 'cs':
step = ComplexStep.DEFAULT_OPTIONS['step']
else:
step = FiniteDifference.DEFAULT_OPTIONS['step']
# Approximate FD
fd_args = {
'step': step,
'form': form,
'step_calc': step_calc,
}
approx = model._owns_approx_jac
approx_of = model._owns_approx_of
approx_wrt = model._owns_approx_wrt
old_jac = model._jacobian
old_subjacs = model._subjacs_info.copy()
model.approx_totals(method=method, step=step, form=form,
step_calc=step_calc if method == 'fd' else None)
total_info = _TotalJacInfo(self, of, wrt, False, return_format='flat_dict', approx=True,
driver_scaling=driver_scaling)
if show_progress:
Jfd = total_info.compute_totals_approx(initialize=True, progress_out_stream=out_stream)
else:
Jfd = total_info.compute_totals_approx(initialize=True)
# reset the _owns_approx_jac flag after approximation is complete.
if not approx:
model._jacobian = old_jac
model._owns_approx_jac = False
model._owns_approx_of = approx_of
model._owns_approx_wrt = approx_wrt
model._subjacs_info = old_subjacs
# Assemble and Return all metrics.
data = {}
data[''] = {}
resp = self.driver._responses
# TODO key should not be fwd when exact computed in rev mode or auto
for key, val in Jcalc.items():
data[''][key] = {}
data[''][key]['J_fwd'] = val
data[''][key]['J_fd'] = Jfd[key]
# Display whether indices were declared when response was added.
of = key[0]
if of in resp and resp[of]['indices'] is not None:
data[''][key]['indices'] = len(resp[of]['indices'])
fd_args['method'] = method
if out_stream == _DEFAULT_OUT_STREAM:
out_stream = sys.stdout
_assemble_derivative_data(data, rel_err_tol, abs_err_tol, out_stream, compact_print,
[model], {'': fd_args}, totals=True, lcons=lcons)
return data['']
[docs] def compute_totals(self, of=None, wrt=None, return_format='flat_dict', debug_print=False,
driver_scaling=False, use_abs_names=False, get_remote=True):
"""
Compute derivatives of desired quantities with respect to desired inputs.
Parameters
----------
of : list of variable name strings or None
Variables whose derivatives will be computed. Default is None, which
uses the driver's objectives and constraints.
wrt : list of variable name strings or None
Variables with respect to which the derivatives will be computed.
Default is None, which uses the driver's desvars.
return_format : string
Format to return the derivatives. Can be 'dict', 'flat_dict', or 'array'.
Default is a 'flat_dict', which returns them in a dictionary whose keys are
tuples of form (of, wrt).
debug_print : bool
Set to True to print out some debug information during linear solve.
driver_scaling : bool
When True, return derivatives that are scaled according to either the adder and scaler
or the ref and ref0 values that were specified when add_design_var, add_objective, and
add_constraint were called on the model. Default is False, which is unscaled.
use_abs_names : bool
Set to True when passing in absolute names to skip some translation steps.
get_remote : bool
If True, the default, the full distributed total jacobian will be retrieved.
Returns
-------
derivs : object
Derivatives in form requested by 'return_format'.
"""
if self._metadata['setup_status'] < _SetupStatus.POST_FINAL_SETUP:
self.final_setup()
if wrt is None:
wrt = list(self.driver._designvars)
if not wrt:
raise RuntimeError("Driver is not providing any design variables "
"for compute_totals.")
if of is None:
of = list(self.driver._objs)
of.extend(self.driver._cons)
if not of:
raise RuntimeError("Driver is not providing any response variables "
"for compute_totals.")
if self.model._owns_approx_jac:
total_info = _TotalJacInfo(self, of, wrt, use_abs_names, return_format,
approx=True, driver_scaling=driver_scaling)
return total_info.compute_totals_approx(initialize=True)
else:
total_info = _TotalJacInfo(self, of, wrt, use_abs_names, return_format,
debug_print=debug_print, driver_scaling=driver_scaling,
get_remote=get_remote)
return total_info.compute_totals()
[docs] def set_solver_print(self, level=2, depth=1e99, type_='all'):
"""
Control printing for solvers and subsolvers in the model.
Parameters
----------
level : int
iprint level. Set to 2 to print residuals each iteration; set to 1
to print just the iteration totals; set to 0 to disable all printing
except for failures, and set to -1 to disable all printing including failures.
depth : int
How deep to recurse. For example, you can set this to 0 if you only want
to print the top level linear and nonlinear solver messages. Default
prints everything.
type_ : str
Type of solver to set: 'LN' for linear, 'NL' for nonlinear, or 'all' for all.
"""
self.model.set_solver_print(level=level, depth=depth, type_=type_)
[docs] def list_problem_vars(self,
show_promoted_name=True,
print_arrays=False,
desvar_opts=[],
cons_opts=[],
objs_opts=[],
):
"""
Print all design variables and responses (objectives and constraints).
Parameters
----------
show_promoted_name : bool
If True, then show the promoted names of the variables.
print_arrays : bool, optional
When False, in the columnar display, just display norm of any ndarrays with size > 1.
The norm is surrounded by vertical bars to indicate that it is a norm.
When True, also display full values of the ndarray below the row. Format is affected
by the values set with numpy.set_printoptions
Default is False.
desvar_opts : list of str
List of optional columns to be displayed in the desvars table.
Allowed values are:
['lower', 'upper', 'ref', 'ref0', 'indices', 'adder', 'scaler', 'parallel_deriv_color',
'vectorize_derivs', 'cache_linear_solution', 'units']
cons_opts : list of str
List of optional columns to be displayed in the cons table.
Allowed values are:
['lower', 'upper', 'equals', 'ref', 'ref0', 'indices', 'index', 'adder', 'scaler',
'linear', 'parallel_deriv_color', 'vectorize_derivs',
'cache_linear_solution', 'units']
objs_opts : list of str
List of optional columns to be displayed in the objs table.
Allowed values are:
['ref', 'ref0', 'indices', 'adder', 'scaler', 'units',
'parallel_deriv_color', 'vectorize_derivs', 'cache_linear_solution']
"""
default_col_names = ['name', 'value', 'size']
# Design vars
desvars = self.driver._designvars
vals = self.driver.get_design_var_values(get_remote=True)
header = "Design Variables"
col_names = default_col_names + desvar_opts
self._write_var_info_table(header, col_names, desvars, vals,
show_promoted_name=show_promoted_name,
print_arrays=print_arrays,
col_spacing=2)
# Constraints
cons = self.driver._cons
vals = self.driver.get_constraint_values()
header = "Constraints"
col_names = default_col_names + cons_opts
self._write_var_info_table(header, col_names, cons, vals,
show_promoted_name=show_promoted_name,
print_arrays=print_arrays,
col_spacing=2)
objs = self.driver._objs
vals = self.driver.get_objective_values()
header = "Objectives"
col_names = default_col_names + objs_opts
self._write_var_info_table(header, col_names, objs, vals,
show_promoted_name=show_promoted_name,
print_arrays=print_arrays,
col_spacing=2)
def _write_var_info_table(self, header, col_names, meta, vals, print_arrays=False,
show_promoted_name=True, col_spacing=1):
"""
Write a table of information for the problem variable in meta and vals.
Parameters
----------
header : str
The header line for the table.
col_names : list of str
List of column labels.
meta : OrderedDict
Dictionary of metadata for each problem variable.
vals : OrderedDict
Dictionary of values for each problem variable.
print_arrays : bool, optional
When False, in the columnar display, just display norm of any ndarrays with size > 1.
The norm is surrounded by vertical bars to indicate that it is a norm.
When True, also display full values of the ndarray below the row. Format is affected
by the values set with numpy.set_printoptions
Default is False.
show_promoted_name : bool
If True, then show the promoted names of the variables.
col_spacing : int
Number of spaces between columns in the table.
"""
abs2prom = self.model._var_abs2prom
# Get the values for all the elements in the tables
rows = []
for name, meta in meta.items():
row = {}
for col_name in col_names:
if col_name == 'name':
if show_promoted_name:
row[col_name] = name
else:
if name in abs2prom['input']:
row[col_name] = abs2prom['input'][name]
elif name in abs2prom['output']:
row[col_name] = abs2prom['output'][name]
else:
# Promoted auto_ivc name. Keep it promoted
row[col_name] = name
elif col_name == 'value':
row[col_name] = vals[name]
else:
row[col_name] = meta[col_name]
rows.append(row)
col_space = ' ' * col_spacing
print("-" * len(header))
print(header)
print("-" * len(header))
# loop through the rows finding the max widths
max_width = {}
for col_name in col_names:
max_width[col_name] = len(col_name)
for row in rows:
for col_name in col_names:
cell = row[col_name]
if isinstance(cell, np.ndarray) and cell.size > 1:
out = '|{}|'.format(str(np.linalg.norm(cell)))
else:
out = str(cell)
max_width[col_name] = max(len(out), max_width[col_name])
# print col headers
header_div = ''
header_col_names = ''
for col_name in col_names:
header_div += '-' * max_width[col_name] + col_space
header_col_names += pad_name(col_name, max_width[col_name], quotes=False) + col_space
print(header_col_names)
print(header_div[:-1])
# print rows with var info
for row in rows:
have_array_values = [] # keep track of which values are arrays
row_string = ''
for col_name in col_names:
cell = row[col_name]
if isinstance(cell, np.ndarray) and cell.size > 1:
out = '|{}|'.format(str(np.linalg.norm(cell)))
have_array_values.append(col_name)
else:
out = str(cell)
row_string += pad_name(out, max_width[col_name], quotes=False) + col_space
print(row_string)
if print_arrays:
left_column_width = max_width['name']
for col_name in have_array_values:
print("{}{}:".format((left_column_width + col_spacing) * ' ', col_name))
cell = row[col_name]
out_str = pprint.pformat(cell)
indented_lines = [(left_column_width + col_spacing) * ' ' +
s for s in out_str.splitlines()]
print('\n'.join(indented_lines) + '\n')
print()
[docs] def load_case(self, case):
"""
Pull all input and output variables from a case into the model.
Parameters
----------
case : Case object
A Case from a CaseRecorder file.
"""
inputs = case.inputs if case.inputs is not None else None
if inputs:
for name in inputs.absolute_names():
if name not in self.model._var_abs2prom['input']:
raise KeyError("{}: Input variable, '{}', recorded in the case is not "
"found in the model".format(self.msginfo, name))
self[name] = inputs[name]
outputs = case.outputs if case.outputs is not None else None
if outputs:
for name in outputs.absolute_names():
if name not in self.model._var_abs2prom['output']:
raise KeyError("{}: Output variable, '{}', recorded in the case is not "
"found in the model".format(self.msginfo, name))
self[name] = outputs[name]
[docs] def check_config(self, logger=None, checks=_default_checks, out_file='openmdao_checks.out'):
"""
Perform optional error checks on a Problem.
Parameters
----------
logger : object
Logging object.
checks : list of str or None or the string 'all'
Determines what config checks are run.
If None, no checks are run
If list of str, run those config checks
If ‘all’, all the checks ('auto_ivc_warnings', 'comp_has_no_outputs', 'cycles',
'dup_inputs', 'missing_recorders', 'out_of_order', 'promotions', 'solvers',
'system', 'unconnected_inputs') are run
out_file : str or None
If not None, output will be written to this file in addition to stdout.
"""
if checks is None:
return
if logger is None:
logger = get_logger('check_config', out_file=out_file, use_format=True)
if checks == 'all':
checks = sorted(_all_checks)
for c in checks:
if c not in _all_checks:
print("WARNING: '%s' is not a recognized check. Available checks are: %s" %
(c, sorted(_all_checks)))
continue
logger.info('checking %s' % c)
_all_checks[c](self, logger)
[docs] def set_complex_step_mode(self, active):
"""
Turn on or off complex stepping mode.
Parameters
----------
active : bool
Complex mode flag; set to True prior to commencing complex step.
"""
if self._metadata is None or \
self._metadata['setup_status'] < _SetupStatus.POST_FINAL_SETUP:
raise RuntimeError(f"{self.msginfo}: set_complex_step_mode cannot be called before "
"`Problem.run_model()`, `Problem.run_driver()`, or "
"`Problem.final_setup()`.")
if active and not self._metadata['force_alloc_complex']:
raise RuntimeError(f"{self.msginfo}: To enable complex step, specify "
"'force_alloc_complex=True' when calling setup on the problem, "
"e.g. 'problem.setup(force_alloc_complex=True)'")
self.model._set_complex_step_mode(active)
def _assemble_derivative_data(derivative_data, rel_error_tol, abs_error_tol, out_stream,
compact_print, system_list, global_options, totals=False,
indep_key=None, print_reverse=False,
show_only_incorrect=False, lcons=None):
"""
Compute the relative and absolute errors in the given derivatives and print to the out_stream.
Parameters
----------
derivative_data : dict
Dictionary containing derivative information keyed by system name.
rel_error_tol : float
Relative error tolerance.
abs_error_tol : float
Absolute error tolerance.
out_stream : file-like object
Where to send human readable output.
Set to None to suppress.
compact_print : bool
If results should be printed verbosely or in a table.
system_list : Iterable
The systems (in the proper order) that were checked.0
global_options : dict
Dictionary containing the options for the approximation.
totals : bool
Set to True if we are doing check_totals to skip a bunch of stuff.
indep_key : dict of sets, optional
Keyed by component name, contains the of/wrt keys that are declared not dependent.
print_reverse : bool, optional
Set to True if compact_print results need to include columns for reverse mode.
show_only_incorrect : bool, optional
Set to True if output should print only the subjacs found to be incorrect.
lcons : list or None
For total derivatives only, list of outputs that are actually linear constraints.
"""
nan = float('nan')
suppress_output = out_stream is None
if compact_print:
if print_reverse:
deriv_line = "{0} wrt {1} | {2:.4e} | {3} | {4:.4e} | {5:.4e} | {6} | {7}" \
" | {8:.4e} | {9} | {10}"
else:
deriv_line = "{0} wrt {1} | {2:.4e} | {3:.4e} | {4:.4e} | {5:.4e}"
# Keep track of the worst subjac in terms of relative error for fwd and rev
if not suppress_output and compact_print and not totals:
worst_subjac_rel_err = 0.0
worst_subjac = None
if not suppress_output and not totals and show_only_incorrect:
out_stream.write('\n** Only writing information about components with '
'incorrect Jacobians **\n\n')
for system in system_list:
sys_name = system.pathname
sys_class_name = type(system).__name__
matrix_free = system.matrix_free
# Match header to appropriate type.
if isinstance(system, Component):
sys_type = 'Component'
elif isinstance(system, Group):
sys_type = 'Group'
else:
sys_type = type(system).__name__
if sys_name not in derivative_data:
msg = "No derivative data found for %s '%s'." % (sys_type, sys_name)
simple_warning(msg)
continue
derivatives = derivative_data[sys_name]
if totals:
sys_name = 'Full Model'
# Sorted keys ensures deterministic ordering
sorted_keys = sorted(derivatives.keys())
if not suppress_output:
# Need to capture the output of a component's derivative
# info so that it can be used if that component is the
# worst subjac. That info is printed at the bottom of all the output
out_buffer = StringIO()
num_bad_jacs = 0 # Keep track of number of bad derivative values for each component
if out_stream:
header_str = '-' * (len(sys_name) + len(sys_type) + len(sys_class_name) + 5) + '\n'
out_buffer.write(header_str)
out_buffer.write("{}: {} '{}'".format(sys_type, sys_class_name, sys_name) + '\n')
out_buffer.write(header_str)
if compact_print:
# Error Header
if totals:
header = "{0} wrt {1} | {2} | {3} | {4} | {5}"\
.format(
pad_name('<output>', 30, quotes=True),
pad_name('<variable>', 30, quotes=True),
pad_name('calc mag.'),
pad_name('check mag.'),
pad_name('a(cal-chk)'),
pad_name('r(cal-chk)'),
)
else:
max_width_of = len("'<output>'")
max_width_wrt = len("'<variable>'")
for of, wrt in sorted_keys:
max_width_of = max(max_width_of, len(of) + 2) # 2 to include quotes
max_width_wrt = max(max_width_wrt, len(wrt) + 2)
if print_reverse:
header = \
"{0} wrt {1} | {2} | {3} | {4} | {5} | {6} | {7} | {8} | {9} | {10}" \
.format(
pad_name('<output>', max_width_of, quotes=True),
pad_name('<variable>', max_width_wrt, quotes=True),
pad_name('fwd mag.'),
pad_name('rev mag.'),
pad_name('check mag.'),
pad_name('a(fwd-chk)'),
pad_name('a(rev-chk)'),
pad_name('a(fwd-rev)'),
pad_name('r(fwd-chk)'),
pad_name('r(rev-chk)'),
pad_name('r(fwd-rev)')
)
else:
header = "{0} wrt {1} | {2} | {3} | {4} | {5}"\
.format(
pad_name('<output>', max_width_of, quotes=True),
pad_name('<variable>', max_width_wrt, quotes=True),
pad_name('calc mag.'),
pad_name('check mag.'),
pad_name('a(cal-chk)'),
pad_name('r(cal-chk)'),
)
if out_stream:
out_buffer.write(header + '\n')
out_buffer.write('-' * len(header) + '\n' + '\n')
for of, wrt in sorted_keys:
if totals:
fd_opts = global_options['']
else:
fd_opts = global_options[sys_name][wrt]
directional = fd_opts.get('directional')
do_rev = not totals and matrix_free and not directional
do_rev_dp = not totals and matrix_free and directional
derivative_info = derivatives[of, wrt]
# TODO total derivs may have been computed in rev mode, not fwd
forward = derivative_info['J_fwd']
fd = derivative_info['J_fd']
if do_rev:
reverse = derivative_info.get('J_rev')
fwd_error = np.linalg.norm(forward - fd)
if do_rev_dp:
fwd_rev_error = derivative_info['directional_fwd_rev']
rev_error = derivative_info['directional_fd_rev']
elif do_rev:
rev_error = np.linalg.norm(reverse - fd)
fwd_rev_error = np.linalg.norm(forward - reverse)
else:
rev_error = fwd_rev_error = None
fwd_norm = np.linalg.norm(forward)
fd_norm = np.linalg.norm(fd)
if do_rev:
rev_norm = np.linalg.norm(reverse)
else:
rev_norm = None
derivative_info['abs error'] = abs_err = ErrorTuple(fwd_error, rev_error, fwd_rev_error)
derivative_info['magnitude'] = magnitude = MagnitudeTuple(fwd_norm, rev_norm, fd_norm)
if fd_norm == 0.:
if fwd_norm == 0.:
derivative_info['rel error'] = rel_err = ErrorTuple(nan, nan, nan)
else:
# If fd_norm is zero, let's use fwd_norm as the divisor for relative
# check. That way we don't accidentally squelch a legitimate problem.
if do_rev or do_rev_dp:
rel_err = ErrorTuple(fwd_error / fwd_norm,
rev_error / fwd_norm,
fwd_rev_error / fwd_norm)
derivative_info['rel error'] = rel_err
else:
derivative_info['rel error'] = rel_err = ErrorTuple(fwd_error / fwd_norm,
None,
None)
else:
if do_rev or do_rev_dp:
derivative_info['rel error'] = rel_err = ErrorTuple(fwd_error / fd_norm,
rev_error / fd_norm,
fwd_rev_error / fd_norm)
else:
derivative_info['rel error'] = rel_err = ErrorTuple(fwd_error / fd_norm,
None,
None)
# Skip printing the dependent keys if the derivatives are fine.
if not compact_print and indep_key is not None:
rel_key = (of, wrt)
if rel_key in indep_key[sys_name] and fd_norm < abs_error_tol:
del derivative_data[sys_name][rel_key]
continue
# Informative output for responses that were declared with an index.
indices = derivative_info.get('indices')
if indices is not None:
of = '{} (index size: {})'.format(of, indices)
if not suppress_output:
if compact_print:
if totals:
if out_stream:
out_buffer.write(deriv_line.format(
pad_name(of, 30, quotes=True),
pad_name(wrt, 30, quotes=True),
magnitude.forward,
magnitude.fd,
abs_err.forward,
rel_err.forward,
) + '\n')
else:
error_string = ''
for error in abs_err:
if error is None:
continue
if not np.isnan(error) and error >= abs_error_tol:
error_string += ' >ABS_TOL'
break
# See if this component has the greater
# error in the derivative computation
# compared to the other components so far
is_worst_subjac = False
for i, error in enumerate(rel_err):
if error is None:
continue
if not np.isnan(error):
# only 1st and 2d errs
if i < 2 and error > worst_subjac_rel_err:
worst_subjac_rel_err = error
worst_subjac = (sys_type, sys_class_name, sys_name)
is_worst_subjac = True
if not np.isnan(error) and error >= rel_error_tol:
error_string += ' >REL_TOL'
break
if error_string: # Any error string indicates that at least one of the
# derivative calcs is greater than the rel tolerance
num_bad_jacs += 1
if out_stream:
if directional:
wrt = "(d)'%s'" % wrt
wrt_padded = pad_name(wrt, max_width_wrt, quotes=False)
else:
wrt_padded = pad_name(wrt, max_width_wrt, quotes=True)
if print_reverse:
deriv_info_line = \
deriv_line.format(
pad_name(of, max_width_of, quotes=True),
wrt_padded,
magnitude.forward,
_format_if_not_matrix_free(matrix_free and not directional,
magnitude.reverse),
magnitude.fd,
abs_err.forward,
_format_if_not_matrix_free(matrix_free,
abs_err.reverse),
_format_if_not_matrix_free(matrix_free,
abs_err.forward_reverse),
rel_err.forward,
_format_if_not_matrix_free(matrix_free,
rel_err.reverse),
_format_if_not_matrix_free(matrix_free,
rel_err.forward_reverse),
)
else:
deriv_info_line = \
deriv_line.format(
pad_name(of, max_width_of, quotes=True),
wrt_padded,
magnitude.forward,
magnitude.fd,
abs_err.forward,
rel_err.forward,
)
if not show_only_incorrect or error_string:
out_buffer.write(deriv_info_line + error_string + '\n')
if is_worst_subjac:
worst_subjac_line = deriv_info_line
else: # not compact print
fd_desc = "{}:{}".format(fd_opts['method'], fd_opts['form'])
# Magnitudes
if out_stream:
if directional:
out_buffer.write(f" {sys_name}: '{of}' wrt (d)'{wrt}'")
else:
out_buffer.write(f" {sys_name}: '{of}' wrt '{wrt}'")
if lcons and of in lcons:
out_buffer.write(" (Linear constraint)")
out_buffer.write('\n')
if do_rev or do_rev_dp:
out_buffer.write(' Forward')
else:
out_buffer.write(' Analytic')
out_buffer.write(' Magnitude : {:.6e}\n'.format(magnitude.forward))
if do_rev:
txt = ' Reverse Magnitude : {:.6e}'
if out_stream:
out_buffer.write(txt.format(magnitude.reverse) + '\n')
if out_stream:
out_buffer.write(' Fd Magnitude : {:.6e} ({})\n'.format(
magnitude.fd, fd_desc))
# Absolute Errors
if do_rev:
error_descs = ('(Jfor - Jfd) ', '(Jrev - Jfd) ', '(Jfor - Jrev)')
elif do_rev_dp:
error_descs = ('(Jfor - Jfd) ', '(Jrev - Jfd Dot Product Test) ',
'(Jrev - Jfor Dot Product Test) ')
else:
error_descs = ('(Jan - Jfd) ', )
for error, desc in zip(abs_err, error_descs):
error_str = _format_error(error, abs_error_tol)
if error_str.endswith('*'):
num_bad_jacs += 1
if out_stream:
out_buffer.write(' Absolute Error {}: {}\n'.format(desc, error_str))
if out_stream:
out_buffer.write('\n')
# Relative Errors
if do_rev:
if fd_norm == 0.:
error_descs = ('(Jfor - Jfd) / Jfor ', '(Jrev - Jfd) / Jfor ',
'(Jfor - Jrev) / Jfor')
else:
error_descs = ('(Jfor - Jfd) / Jfd ', '(Jrev - Jfd) / Jfd ',
'(Jfor - Jrev) / Jfd')
elif do_rev_dp:
if fd_norm == 0.:
error_descs = ('(Jfor - Jfd) / Jfor ',
'(Jrev - Jfd Dot Product Test) / Jfor ',
'(Jrev - Jfor Dot Product Test) / Jfor ')
else:
error_descs = ('(Jfor - Jfd) / Jfd ',
'(Jrev - Jfd Dot Product Test) / Jfd ',
'(Jrev - Jfor Dot Product Test) / Jfd ')
else:
if fd_norm == 0.:
error_descs = ('(Jan - Jfd) / Jan ', )
else:
error_descs = ('(Jan - Jfd) / Jfd ', )
for error, desc in zip(rel_err, error_descs):
error_str = _format_error(error, rel_error_tol)
if error_str.endswith('*'):
num_bad_jacs += 1
if out_stream:
out_buffer.write(' Relative Error {}: {}\n'.format(desc, error_str))
if out_stream:
if MPI and MPI.COMM_WORLD.size > 1:
out_buffer.write(' MPI Rank {}\n'.format(MPI.COMM_WORLD.rank))
out_buffer.write('\n')
# Raw Derivatives
if out_stream:
if do_rev_dp:
out_buffer.write(' Directional Forward Derivative (Jfor)\n')
else:
if not totals and matrix_free:
out_buffer.write(' Raw Forward')
else:
out_buffer.write(' Raw Analytic')
out_buffer.write(' Derivative (Jfor)\n')
out_buffer.write(str(forward) + '\n')
out_buffer.write('\n')
if not totals and matrix_free:
if out_stream:
if not directional:
out_buffer.write(' Raw Reverse Derivative (Jrev)\n')
out_buffer.write(str(reverse) + '\n')
out_buffer.write('\n')
if out_stream:
if directional:
out_buffer.write(' Directional FD Derivative (Jfd)\n')
else:
out_buffer.write(' Raw FD Derivative (Jfd)\n')
out_buffer.write(str(fd) + '\n')
out_buffer.write('\n')
if out_stream:
out_buffer.write(' -' * 30 + '\n')
# End of if compact print if/else
# End of if not suppress_output
# End of for of, wrt in sorted_keys
if not show_only_incorrect or num_bad_jacs:
if out_stream and not suppress_output:
out_stream.write(out_buffer.getvalue())
# End of for system in system_list
if not suppress_output and compact_print and not totals:
if worst_subjac:
worst_subjac_header = \
"Sub Jacobian with Largest Relative Error: {1} '{2}'".format(*worst_subjac)
out_stream.write('\n' + '#' * len(worst_subjac_header) + '\n')
out_stream.write("{}\n".format(worst_subjac_header))
out_stream.write('#' * len(worst_subjac_header) + '\n')
out_stream.write(header + '\n')
out_stream.write('-' * len(header) + '\n')
out_stream.write(worst_subjac_line + '\n')
def _format_if_not_matrix_free(matrix_free, val):
"""
Return string to represent deriv check value in compact display.
Parameters
----------
matrix_free : bool
If True, then the associated Component is matrix-free.
val : float
The deriv check value.
Returns
-------
str
String which is the actual value if matrix-free, otherwise 'n/a'
"""
if matrix_free:
return '{0:.4e}'.format(val)
else:
return pad_name('n/a')
def _format_error(error, tol):
"""
Format the error, flagging if necessary.
Parameters
----------
error : float
The absolute or relative error.
tol : float
Tolerance above which errors are flagged
Returns
-------
str
Formatted and possibly flagged error.
"""
if np.isnan(error) or error < tol:
return '{:.6e}'.format(error)
return '{:.6e} *'.format(error)
[docs]class Slicer(object):
"""
Helper class that can be used with the indices argument for Problem set_val and get_val.
"""
[docs] def __getitem__(self, val):
"""
Pass through indices or slice.
Parameters
----------
val : int or slice object or tuples of slice objects
Indices or slice to return.
Returns
-------
indices : int or slice object or tuples of slice objects
Indices or slice to return.
"""
return val
# instance of the Slicer class to be used by users for the set_val and get_val methods of Problem
slicer = Slicer()
